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-
- THE RULE OF ST BENEDICT
- -------------------------
-
- Benedict was born at Rome at the end of the 5th century.
-
- At the age of 14 he 'renounced the world', when he settled
- at Monte Cassino and eventually set up a monastery there.
-
- He died in 543.
-
- By the 9th century his RULE for running a monastery was
- more popular than any other and it became the basis for
- new orders, such as the Cluniacs and the Cistercians.
-
- THE RULE (extracts and 'modernised')
-
- 1) On the kinf od monks.
-
- 2) On the character of the Abbot.
-
- 3) On calling the monks together to take advice.
-
- Whenever matters of importance have to be dealt with in the
- monastery, the abbot should call all the other monks together
- and let them know the problem that has arisen.
-
- After hearing their advice he should do what he thinks is
- best.
-
- All of the other monks should submit to the Abbot - his
- decision is final.
-
- No monk should follow his own inclinations and none should
- argue with the Abbot.
-
- If unimportant decisions need to be taken, the Abbot only
- needs to take the advice of the senior monks.
-
- 8) On the Divine Office at Night.
-
- In the Winter time the monks must rise at the eighth hour of the
- night. After vigils they should spend the time in study
- those brothers who still need to learn any part of the
- psalter or lessons.
-
- From Easter, the hour of keeping vigils should be
- arranged so that, after a short interval, in which the
- brothers may go out for the necessities of nature,
- lauds should follow immediately.
-
- 16) How Divine office shall be said in the Daytime.
-
- The prophet says 'Seven time in a day do I praise Thee'.
-
- This sacred number 7 will be fulfilled by us, if we pray at
- lauds, at the first, third, sixth and ninth hours,
- at vespers time and at 'completorium'.
-
- As far as the night is concerned, the same prophet says,
- 'At midnight I arose to confess unto Thee'.
-
- 20) ON PRAYER.
-
- Our prayer must be brief and pure.
-
- 21) The Deans of the Monastery.
-
- If the congregation is a larger one, brothers of good reputation
- should be chosen fro it to act as Deans.
-
- The Abbot should be able to share his burdens with the
- Deans.
-
- 22) How the Monks are to sleep.
-
- They should sleep in separate beds.
-
- If possible, they should all sleep in the one room.
-
- If there are too many for this, they should take their
- rest in groups of 10 or 20.
-
- They should sleep clothed, so that they are always
- ready for God's service.
-
- Let a candle be kept burning in the cell until
- morning.
-
- Let not the younger brothers have beds by themselves,
- but space them amongst the seniors. And when they rise
- for the service of God let them gently encourage one
- another, because the sleepy ones are apt to make
- excuses.
-
- 23) On Excommunication for Faults.
-
- If a Brother breaks the holy Rule or does wrong, he should
- be privately told of once and then twice by his
- seniors.
-
- If he still carries on, let him be publicly told of
- by the whole community.
-
- If he still continues, he should be excommunicated.
-
- If, however, he is incorrigible, let him undergo
- corporal chastisement.
-
- 24) On the extent of the Excommunication.
-
- A brother should be punished according to how
- extreme his crime is.
-
- Lenient punishments might include eating his meals
- alone or eating them after the others have finished.
-
- 25) On grave faults.
-
- If a brother commits a serious crime, he shall eat his
- meals alone and be ignored totally by the whole
- community.
-
- 26) If a brother speaks or associates with those who have been
- excommunicated from the community, he shall suffer the
- same punishment as the wrong doer.
-
- 27) How should the Abbot act towards the Excommunicated.
-
- The abbot shall show the utmost solicitude and care
- towards brothers that offend.
-
- 28) What happens to those who continue to offend.
-
- Those brothers who continue to offend after being
- warned or excommunicated or flogged should be removed
- from the community.
-
- 29) Should brothers who are removed from the monastery be
- allowed to return to it.
-
- Yes - they will re-enter at the lowest level.
-
- This they will be allowed to do up to a third time if
- they re-offend. After this they will be
- excluded forever.
-
- 30) What to do with boys under a certain age who offend.
-
- They should be made to fast or coerced with severe
- blows.
-
- 33) Should the Monks own anything.
-
- Monks should not have individual property.
-
- What they own belongs to the community - they have
- no possessions.
-
- 35) On the weekly officers of the kitchen.
-
- Brothers shall wait on each other in turn and no one
- shall be excused from kitchen work.
-
- An hour before each meal the weekly servers are to receive a cup
- of drink and a piece of bread over and above their
- ration.
-
- 36) On the care of sick brothers.
-
- Before all things, and above all things, care must be
- taken of the sick.
-
- Sick brothers will have a cell apart with a servitor
- to look after them.
-
- Baths shall be offered to the sick as often as is
- necessary; to the healthy, and especially to
- youths, more rarely.
-
- The eating of meat shall also be allowed to the
- sick and delicate, in order to help in their
- recovery. When they have grown better, they will,
- as is the usual manner, abstain from flesh.
-
- 38) On the Weekly Reader.
-
- At the mealtimes of the brothers there should always
- be a reading.
-
- 39) On the amount of food.
-
- There should be two cooked dishes for the daily meal -
- or a third one, if fresh vegetables and fruit are
- obtainable.
-
- If heavy work is to be undertaken, the abbot may allow
- more.
-
- All should abstain from the flesh of four-footed
- beasts.
-
- 40) On the Amount of Drink.
-
- The ill may be allowed a pint of wine a day.
-
- Drinking is bad for monks - it leads to all kinds of
- sins - although the monks do not agree with this - it
- is up to the abbot to decide a policy on drink - we
- would warn that brethren do not drink to excess.
-
- 42) On Silence after Compline.
-
- Monks should practice silence at all times, but especially
- in the hours of the night.
-
- 48) On the Daily Manual Labour.
-
- Idleness is enemy of the soul.
-
- At fixed times, brothers ought to be engaged in manual
- labour. At other fixed times, they should be
- engaged in sacred reading.
-
- Between Easter and October 1st, monks should :
-
- - after prime, they should labour until the 4th hour.
-
- - from the 4th until the 6th hour they should read.
-
- - after the meal of the 6th hour, they shall rest in their
- beds in total silence or read in a way not to disturb
- others.
-
- On Sunday, all shall be occupied in reading.
-
- 50) Those who work away from the Monastery or are on a journey should
- observe the Hours.
-
- 51) Those on short journeys should not eat outside the
- monastery, except with the permission of the
- abbot.
-
- 53) On the Reception of Guests.
-
- Guests are to be received as Christ himself.
-
- When a guest is announced :
-
- - the prior or brothers will go to meet them.
-
- - and first they shall pray together.
-
- - the kiss of peace will be given.
-
- - the Abbot and brothers will wash the hands and feet of the guest.
-
- - when a guest arrives, a fast may be broken.
-
- - care will be shown in the reception of the poor and of
- pilgrims.
-
- - the kitchen of the Abbot and the guests will be a
- separate one, so that guests do not disturb the routine of
- the brothers.
-
- 54) A brother may not receive gifts or letters, except
- with the permission of the Abbot.
-
- 55) On clothing.
-
- Clothing will be given to brothers according to the
- work they are involved in and the climate.
-
- In warm climates a cowl and tunic will suffice - the
- cowl in winter hairy and in summer fine or worn - and a
- scapular for work.
-
- And for the feet, shoes and stockings.
-
- The clothes should be the cheapest possible.
-
- A brother needs only 2 cowls and 2 tunics.
-
- Old worn clothes will be returned and not kept, for
- distribution to the poor.
-
- A monk on a journey will be provided with slightly
- better clothing.
-
- The abbot will distribute to the monks :
-
- - a cowl.
-
- - a tunic.
-
- - shoes.
-
- - stockings.
-
- - girdle.
-
- - a knife.
-
- - a pen.
-
- - a needle.
-
- - a handkerchief.
-
- - tablets.
-
- Nothing else.
-
- 58) On the way that new monks should be welcomed :
-
- When any newcomer applies for admission, an easy
- entrance should not be granted to him.
-
- If, after the difficulties that have been put in his way, he still
- wants to join the community, he will be accepted.
-
- He shall be in the cell of the novices, where he shall
- meditate and eat and sleep.
-
- An elder brother shall be appointed to look after him.
-
- After 2 months, the Rule will be repeated to him and he will be
- asked if he wishes to stay.
-
- After 6 months, the Rule shall be read to him again.
-
- If he joins us, he will promise in the oratory in front
- of the whole community, that he will keep the Rule.
-
-
- 64) The Abbot should be appointed by agreement with the whole community.
-
- 66) On the Doorkeepers of the Monastery.
-
- A wise old man shall be placed at the door of the
- monastery, who shall know how to receive a reply
- and how to make one.
-
- The doorkeeper ought to have a cell next to the door.
-
- A monastery should, if possible, be so arranged that
- everything necessary - that is, water, a mill, a garden,
- a bakery - may be available, and different trades be carried on within
- the monastery; so that there shall be no need for
- monks to wander outside. For this is not at all good
- for their souls.
-
- The Rule should be read very often in the
- congregation, so that no brothers can say that
- they are ignorant of it.
-
- 70) No one shall take it upon himself to strike another
- without orders.
-
- 71) Monks shall obey each other.
-
- 73) This Rule does not contain everything that you need to know
- about living a righteous life in the monastery.
- Look to the Old and New Testaments, to the works of the
- Church fathers, for more guidance.
-
-